However, membrane fouling is still a major concern, specially during long-term perfusion cultivations. The use of membrane-based filtration devices for mammalian cell separation presents several advantages, such as a cell-free permeate and a straightforward scale-up. However, a critical technical question that remains in perfusion processes is the cell retention device to be employed. Through continuous fresh nutrient supply and metabolite removal, combined with cell retendon in the bioreactor, perfusion cultures allow high cell concentrations and product titres to be achieved at relatively high medium throughput rates, resulting in high productivities.
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